jornal of the libyan geographical society
A peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Libyan Geographical Society
The Impact of Marriage Rates on Total Fertility in Al-Marj Region A Demographic Study of Urban and Rural Areas 1973–2006
Al-Marj region during the period 1973–2022, highlighting differences between urban and rural areas. Marriage rates are considered key social and demographic factors directly influencing fertility, alongside the significant role of economic, educational, and cultural factors in shaping variations in marriage and reproductive patterns between urban and rural populations. The study employed multiple methodologies, including the regional approach, the comparative method, the historical method, and an analytical approach using official data and demographic statistics. The results revealed a clear decline in marriage and fertility rates, with a faster decrease in urban areas, continuing through the 2017–2022 period, where the crude marriage rate reached 7.1‰ in urban areas and 5.6‰ in rural areas. Total fertility declined from 8.9 and 9.9 in 1973 to 5.2 and 5.9 in 2022 for urban and rural areas, respectively. The study confirms a positive correlation between marriage rates and total fertility, with a stronger effect in urban areas. The findings indicate that the Al-Marj region has undergone classical demographic transition stages, with spatial differences reflecting the varying impact of social, educational, and economic factors, highlighting structural changes in the social and reproductive behavior of the population.
Copyright (c) 2026 jornal of the libyan geographical society https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hydrological Characteristics of the Western Moroccan Rif: The Case of the Oued Nakhla WatershedHydrological Characteristics of the Western Moroccan Rif: The Case of the Oued Nakhla Watershed
Morocco is one of the countries that has a varied spatial distribution of surface and groundwater resources. The Nakhla basin is located in an important geographical location, as it is one of the sub-basins of the Martil River basin, which is considered one of the most important basins in the Western Rif. This basin is characterized by its unique natural features, especially its mountains that exceed 1500 meters in height, such as Jbel Al-Alaouine (1808m) and Jbel Thalouja (more than 1581m). These elevations act as natural barriers to the atmospheric disturbances coming from the west and northwest, leading to various precipitations, including rain and snow, with an average of more than 1000 mm per year. These are rainy periods that vary in duration and rainfall potential, and their frequency increases during wet years. In addition, the region is characterized by a diversity of geological structure, with limestone rocks dominating, which have high permeability, making them important water reservoirs that contribute directly to agricultural development.
Levels of Climate Comfort and Stress in the City of Tobruk During the Period 1981–2024"
This study examines thermal comfort at Tobruk Station during the period 1981–2024 using a set of well-known climate indices, including the Thom index, the Perzensno index, the Jafni coefficient, the Adolf coefficient, and the Spil temperature and wind coefficient. The results showed a clear seasonal variation: severe cold dominates in winter with a feeling of thermal discomfort, while summer imposes heat stress, especially during sun exposure and physical activity, whereas spring and autumn present periods of moderate thermal comfort. Comparison among the indices indicated that the Perzensno index reflects a higher summer heat peak than the Thom index and Jafni coefficient, while the Adolf coefficient highlights the effect of activity and movement on human perception of heat and stress. The study provides a scientific basis for planning human activities in Tobruk and offers recommendations to mitigate the effects of heat or cold on residents and visitors, emphasizing the importance of considering wind and solar radiation in thermal assessment.
Ibn Battuta's journey and its contribution to understanding the political, social, cultural, and economic world
Ibn Battuta's journey is a historical record reflecting the cultural interaction between nations in the 14th century. The journey provides insight into daily life, politics, social, economic, and cultural systems, making it a vital source for understanding the Islamic world. It highlights the Islamic world's role in global trade, scientific, and cultural exchange. This study analyzes Ibn Battuta's journey using descriptive, historical, and comparative methods, revealing its significance as a comprehensive knowledge record. The journey documents political, economic, social, and cultural life, showcasing the Islamic world's central role in global trade and exchange.
Drinking Water Pollution and Its Impacts on Public Health and the Environment in Rosso (Mauritania)
Water represents one of the most vital natural resources in the city of Rosso, particularly the waters of the Senegal River, upon which the city relies for agriculture, drinking water supply, and industrial activities. However, water pollution has increased in recent years due to multiple factors, posing serious threats to human health and disrupting environmental balance. This study aims to identify the main sources of pollution affecting the Senegal River in Rosso, assess the quality and characteristics of its waters, and analyze the levels of contamination and their impacts on both the population and the urban environment. The research adopts an analytical approach based on the examination of physical, chemical, and bacteriological parameters to evaluate water quality and pollution indicators in Rosso. The findings reveal a deterioration in the quality of drinking water in Rosso and highlight its adverse effects on public health. The study also points to the increased economic burden on low-income households in securing safe water, as well as the negative consequences for biodiversity and overall environmental health. These results underscore the urgent need for intervention to improve water quality. The research proposes a set of recommendations to mitigate the problem, including regulating and preventing polluting human activities along the banks of the Senegal River and conducting regular monitoring and laboratory analyses of river water quality.
Urban concentration of services and its impact on development in the Green Mountain region.
The Study Revealed that the 1966 Qasr AL-Jedi plan covered approximately 4.1 hectares, the 1984 master plan covered approximately 18 hectares, and the 2009 urban plan covered approximately 46.7 hectares, During the period of granting hosing loans under the states hosing policies, the area of urban use increased, in the field study period from 2025, the existing urban mass reached approximately 97.3 hectares, bringing the total urban landscape for the four the phases to approximately(1966 - 2025) 164.4hectares. The researcher proposed an alternative site, west of the city adjacent to the regional road, covering approximately 18.4 hectares. This site is suitable for the open area, allowing for urban expansion without limiting its reach during the fourth generation period in the line with the increasing population growth in region.
Hydromorphometric Indices and Their Impact on Flood Risk in the Basins of the Western Plateau: A Critical Scientific Review
This review aims to analyze the hydromorphometric characteristics of selected basins within the Western Iraqi Plateau in order to understand the hydrological behavior of dry valleys through a comprehensive critical assessment of Iraqi studies and a synthetic scientific analysis. The literature indicates that floods in this arid region are not incidental events but represent complex geomorphological processes resulting from the interaction of elongated basin geometry, steep slopes, dominant geological structures, gypsum soil duality, and short-duration intense rainfall. The analysis shows that floods act as geomorphological energy capable of pulse erosion and reactivation of ancient drainage pathways preserved within basin memory, rather than functioning as simple surface runoff. Results reveal that flooding in the Western Plateau follows a dynamic cyclical system beginning with rainfall events and ending with basin reconfiguration, which subsequently controls future hydrological responses through continuous feedback mechanisms. Traditional mathematical models appear insufficient to represent this complex behavior, highlighting the need for a multidisciplinary approach integrating geomorphology, hydrology, soil science, and structural geology. The study concludes with the necessity of developing a new conceptual framework that considers drainage basins as dynamic systems possessing topographic memory and variable responses to storm events.
This study examines the condition and development of roads in the urban area of Tarhunah city, focusing on the importance of urban planning to develop the road network. The study explains the emergence of roads in the city, which initially started randomly, but a development plan was put in place. The study reviews the condition of roads up to 1980, where streets ran in different directions, It links commercial areas together and with external transportation routes. Some of these roads were narrow and winding alleys within neighbourhoods. The city was connected by three external transportation routes: Al-Khums to the east, which connects to the Tripoli Road heading west, then the Bani Walid-Tripoli Road passing through the city centre, and a local road leading to the springs of Sharshara recreation area to the north. The plan suggested that the city's expansion should be concentrated towards the east, and relatively towards the northwest, as they are rocky areas unsuitable for agriculture. However, the plan was completely neglected, as some road tracks were encroached upon by expanding the area of residences at the expense of the planned roads, resulting in winding roads not exceeding five meters in width, and a lack of organization with the emergence of random neighbourhoods, where traffic on the roads is governed by whims, desires, and personal interests. Therefore, this study provides recommendations to improve the city's urban planning, including reorganization, regulating road directions, increasing the number of car parks, and raising awareness about the importance of urban planning and its impact on traffic and transportation within the city.
Geographical Analysis of Urban Sprawl on Agricultural Lands in the Zawiya Region for The Period 1995–2025
This study examines the geographical analysis of urban sprawl on agricultural lands in the Al-Zawiya region during the period (1995–2025). It does so by identifying the causes that led to this expansion, in addition to analyzing the factors that contributed to it. The study aims to monitor and analyze spatial changes in land-use patterns, particularly the transformation from agricultural use to urban use. It relies on geographical analysis, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and satellite imagery to track the development of the urban area and compare it with agricultural lands across successive time periods. The study employs several methodological approaches, including the historical method to trace the development of the phenomenon over different time stages, as well as the descriptive method to describe and analyze its components .The study also addressed the stages of urban growth in the Al-Zawiya region during the period (1995–2025). This period was characterized by a significant expansion in the size of the urban mass, where the urban area amounted to approximately 904 km² in 1995 and increased substantially to about 23,991 km² by 2025. This expansion included different urban patterns, such as planned development, formally organized planning, and unplanned (informal) growth. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques were employed to examine the stages and directions of this expansion, and the study concludes by presenting the most important findings and recommendations.
Urban concentration of services and its impact on development in the Green Mountain region
Development processes in urban centres bring about profound transformation, including population redistribution and changes in urban patterns and economic activities (the process of urbanization). These urban centres are affected by development processes, both positively and negatively, depending on the development model adopted by decision-makers and urban planning management in Libya. Within this framework, this study examines the urbanization process in the cities of the urban system in the Green Mountain region by applying and comparing the current situation with a number of indicators as a means of measuring dominance and its resulting negative repercussions, whether related to the city itself or the urban system to which it generally belongs. Conversely, the rapid population growth in the cities of the Green Mountain region has led to the growth of some cities in the region more than others, especially the city of Al-Bayda, due to the relocation of government headquarters and service institutions, particularly educational and health institutions. This has caused the emergence of many urban problems within the city, and this, of course, has led to the emergence of many problems suffered by the rest of the cities in the region as a result of this dominance.
Converting the Mental Maps to Digital Data in –GIS in The Old City of Tripoli, Libya
Incorporating the opinions of stakeholders is a challenge for urban planners, particularly when neighborhoods and buildings are important to the history of an entire country. In the other hand, the methodologies was chosen for the study is Geographic information system to analyze the layers that have for area of study. The big challenge is how to use the mental maps information in the GIS layers. This is the case with The Old City of Tripoli, Libya. The methodology proposed here takes a participatory approach (collecting and converting the opinions of a variety of people about the Old City of Tripoli) Most people leam to navigate in their surroundings or even in unknown territory, to draw a way in their mined of most important places and roads to be the roadmap for their daily trips. Most of the time these maps are as with much effort and indecision these observation caried out the different opinions to be the one of main points for the research. The findings of this research are helping to form a viable strategy for residents, former residents, interested people, planners, and developers to understand how people's perceptions can affect the conservation efforts for historical cities. The use of geographic information system (GIS) technology provided layers of the area of study, this research is converting the opinion of people (social information to be a layer in GIS layers of the area of study) by using GIS tools to added to the GIS layer results depicting the contrast between the informants opinions and the realty of the Old City of Tripoli. Key words: The Old City of Tripoli, Islamic city, deterioration, identity, geographic information system (GIS
Copyright (c) 2021 jornal of the libyan geographical society
Logistics port as an entry point for income diversification in Libya (a case study of Misrata seaport)
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiK-ZuVio6SAxXCUUEAHZ6jKBEQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The research focuses on developing and transforming Misrata seaport into a global logistics port, which can be relied upon as an important facility for diversifying income sources in Libya, as there are now many logistics ports that are a primary source of revenue for countries, and Misrata port has many features that qualify it to be a global logistics port.">The research focuses on developing and transforming Misrata seaport into a global logistics port, which can be relied upon as an important facility for diversifying income sources in Libya, as there are now many logistics ports that are a primary source of revenue for countries, and Misrata port has many features that qualify it to be a global logistics port. The city of Misrata, where the port is located, is the third largest population center in Libya, and is considered the commercial and economic capital of the country. It contains the largest iron and steel complex, in addition to Misrata International Airport, as well as a free zone affiliated with the port. It was built on an area estimated at 539 hectares, as revealed by the studies prepared for the development of Misrata port by the SDV Foundation, the Beckett Rankine office and the AECOM consulting office. Misrata port surpasses Port Sudan, Lagos and Douala ports by 93% in terms of attracting maritime traffic and trade to Africa. The study presented by the Turkish company ECAP showed that the third proposal, which is to establish the new Misrata port in Ras Al-Rumiya on land, is the best because this method of construction is the least expensive and easiest to implement. The study recommended that this proposal be implemented in Ras Al-Rumiya after reconsidering the depth and widening the navigation channel. Taking into account what the world has achieved in building modern ships (Mother Ship) in terms of expansion in size and increase in draft so that there will be no obstacle to receiving such ships in the future.
Hussein Masoud Abu Madina-Saad Abrik Abu Rumaila
The impact of demographic characteristics on the distribution and development of health services in the city of Benghazi
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiK-ZuVio6SAxXCUUEAHZ6jKBEQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The research focused on studying the reality of health services in the city of Benghazi and the possibility of developing them, relying on geographic information systems to show the geographical distribution of service types according to population characteristics in terms of their density and distribution in the city's residential neighborhoods, through field surveying and mapping of health facilities.">The research focused on studying the reality of health services in the city of Benghazi and the possibility of developing them, relying on geographic information systems to show the geographical distribution of service types according to population characteristics in terms of their density and distribution in the city's residential neighborhoods, through field surveying and mapping of health facilities. Determining their importance in providing services, not to mention suggesting the most suitable locations for establishing new health facilities that serve the largest number of residents - The number of health service facilities in the city of Benghazi in 2013 reached about 414 health facilities. These numbers of different types of health facilities in the city of Benghazi are not suitable for the population size of the city and are very few. And tonight, when you compare it to Tripoli, the Libyan capital, comparing the current state of health facilities in Benghazi in 2013 with those in Tripoli in 2005, the difference becomes clear, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitatively speaking, in absolute numbers, the total number of health facilities of all types in Tripoli exceeded 800. This is nearly double what exists in Benghazi, and if we disregard the time gap, there is no doubt that Tripoli has had a number of additional health facilities added, making the difference between the two cities' share even greater. The field survey of health services in the city revealed a lack of fairness in distribution between residential neighborhoods, as well as poor distribution in terms of the type of health service. On the other hand, there are, for example, some neighborhoods that lack all services except for one type. Although this one is abundant, suggesting in terms of quantity that the neighborhood does not need health services, we find at the same time that it is in dire need of another type of health service, for example For example, the number of public hospitals and health centers reached 23, which is 0% of the total health services. In the city, this percentage reveals a severe shortage of this service, which is essential for all residents of the neighborhoods due to its importance in providing high-quality, free medical and inpatient care. Considering the distribution of this service among the city's neighborhoods, the largest number of hospitals and public medical centers are concentrated in the Al-Hawari neighborhood. Al-Fuwayhat and Sidi Younes neighborhoods, and thus the three neighborhoods receive more than half (52%) of the total of this service in the city, which shows the unfairness of the distribution and the deprivation of eighteen neighborhoods, representing 60% of the city’s neighborhoods, from this service that is in dire need of. This poor distribution has made 16.7% of the city’s neighborhoods control 70% of the total of this service. This study also recorded that the highest percentage of health services and the most widespread among the city's neighborhoods were in pharmacies, which recorded a percentage of 22% of the total health services in the city, and this is attributed to it being a convenient business activity. The study concluded that there is a qualitative and quantitative imbalance in the distribution of health services among the city's neighborhoods, and that there is no equitable distribution commensurate with population size and density. Keywords: Health services - Growth rate - Efficiency index - Curative and inpatient services
The demographic window and its implications for sustainable development in Libya: An analytical study in population geography.
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiK-ZuVio6SAxXCUUEAHZ6jKBEQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The research aims to study and analyze the development of the population growth rate and its relationship to the emergence of what is called the demographic window, one of the most important features of which is a decrease in the population fertility rate and a slow population growth rate. This demographic shift constitutes a real opportunity to drive development and improve economic performance, provided that it is preceded by early planning.">The research aims to study and analyze the development of the population growth rate and its relationship to the emergence of what is called the demographic window, one of the most important features of which is a decrease in the population fertility rate and a slow population growth rate. This demographic shift constitutes a real opportunity to drive development and improve economic performance, provided that it is preceded by early planning. To capitalize on the high population growth in the middle class (15-64), also known as the working-age population, which leads to an increased supply of labor and higher rates of economic production. After study and analysis, the research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that the growth rate of the working-age population exceeds the overall population growth rate. This indicates the opening of the demographic window, where the growth rate of the working-age population exceeding the overall population growth rate is one of its most important indicators. Unemployment rates have also witnessed a significant increase, from 3.61% in 1973 to 20.7% in 2006. (2012 - 19 years) It can be said that Libya has effectively entered the demographic window of opportunity, but it has not taken advantage of this opportunity to raise the indicators of sustainable development.
The effect of climate on human physiological comfort in the Bani Walid region (a study in bioclimatology)
<pre class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiK-ZuVio6SAxXCUUEAHZ6jKBEQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: Human physiological comfort is affected by many climatic conditions, which directly impact feelings of comfort or discomfort. Climatic conditions vary from place to place, and so does a person's sense of comfort. This study aims to demonstrate the relationship between temperature, humidity, and human physiological comfort.">Human physiological comfort is affected by many climatic conditions, which directly impact feelings of comfort or discomfort. Climatic conditions vary from place to place, and so does a person's sense of comfort. This study aims to demonstrate the relationship between temperature, humidity, and human physiological comfort. <div id="tw-container" class="nev7se" data-cp="1" data-nnttsvi="1" data-sletp="false" data-sm="1" data-ssbp="false" data-sugg-time="500" data-sugg-url="https://clients1.google.com/complete/search" data-uilc="ar" data-vil=",af,af-ZA,am,am-ET,ar-EG,ar-AE,ar-KW,ar-QA,ar,ar-IL,ar-JO,ar-LB,ar-PS,az,az-AZ,bg,bg-BG,bn,bn-BD,bn-IN,ca,ca-es,cs,cs-CZ,de,de-DE,de-CH,de-AT,de-LI,en,en-US,en-CA,en-AU,en-NZ,en-GB,en-IN,en-KE,en-TZ,en-NG,en-GH,en-PH,en-ZA,es,es-ES,es-AR,es-UY,es-419,es-BO,es-CL,es-CR,es-CO,es-DO,es-EC,es-GT,es-HN,es-NI,es-PA,es-PE,es-PR,es-PY,es-SV,es-VE,es-MX,es-US,eu,eu-ES,fi,fi-FI,fr,fr-FR,fr-CH,fr-BE,gl,gl-ES,gu,gu-IN,he,he-IL,iw,iw-IL,hu,hu-HU,hy,hy-AM,id,id-ID,is,is-IS,it,it-IT,it-CH,ja,ja-JP,jv,jv-ID,ka,ka-GE,km,km-KH,kn,kn-IN,ko,ko-KR,la,lo,lo-LA,lv,lv-LV,ml,ml-IN,mr,mr-IN,ms,ms-MY,nl,nl-NL,nb,nb-NO,ne,ne-NP,pl,pl-PL,pt,pt-BR,pt-PT,ro,ro-RO,ru,ru-RU,si-LK,sk,sk-SK,sr,sr-RS,su,su-ID,sv,sv-SE,sw,sw-TZ,sw-KE,ta,ta-IN,ta-SG,ta-LK,ta-MY,te,te-IN,tr,tr-TR,ur,ur-PK,ur-IN,yue,yue-HK,yue-Hant-HK,zh-HK,zh,zh-CN,zh-cmn,zh-cmn-CN,zh-Hans,zh-Hans-CN,zh-cmn-Hans,zh-cmn-Hans-CN,cmn-CN,cmn-Hans,cmn-Hans-CN,zh-TW,zh-Hant-TW,cmn-TW,cmn-Hant-TW,zh-cmn-TW,zh-cmn-Hant-TW,zu,zu-ZA,hi,hi-IN,tl,tl-PH,pa,pa-IN"> <pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiK-ZuVio6SAxXCUUEAHZ6jKBEQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: By applying a set of indicators to the climatic data of the Bani Walid region over a period of 35 years, and regardless of the results, the feeling of comfort remains a relative issue that varies according to the environment surrounding the person and a number of other factors, the most important of which are age, gender, and degree of adaptation; because despite the technological progress that man has achieved.">By applying a set of indicators to the climatic data of the Bani Walid region over a period of 35 years, and regardless of the results, the feeling of comfort remains a relative issue that varies according to the environment surrounding the person and a number of other factors, the most important of which are age, gender, and degree of adaptation; because despite the technological progress that man has achieved. While it enhances his ability to control many of the conditions of his natural environment, climate still has a significant impact on a person’s sense of comfort or discomfort and climatic unease, if not inside the dwelling then outside. <pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiK-ZuVio6SAxXCUUEAHZ6jKBEQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: Human physiological comfort is affected by many climatic conditions, which directly impact feelings of comfort or discomfort. Climatic conditions vary from place to place, and so does a person's sense of comfort. This study aims to demonstrate the relationship between temperature, humidity, and human physiological comfort.">
The altitude factor and its effect on the variation in rainfall amounts (Bani Walid - Gharyan as a model)
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiK-ZuVio6SAxXCUUEAHZ6jKBEQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The study aims to reveal the variation in rainfall amounts in the Bani Walid and Gharyan regions, as the amount of rainfall varies from place to place, and it is rare to find two places that are completely similar in their climatic conditions. If they are similar in temperature, for example, you will find that they differ in the amount of rain that falls on them or in its distribution throughout the year.">The study aims to reveal the variation in rainfall amounts in the Bani Walid and Gharyan regions, as the amount of rainfall varies from place to place, and it is rare to find two places that are completely similar in their climatic conditions. If they are similar in temperature, for example, you will find that they differ in the amount of rain that falls on them or in its distribution throughout the year. While similar in temperature and rainfall, they differ in prevailing wind direction. The research addressed the importance of altitude in increasing rainfall rates in the Gharyan region, where the annual average rainfall is approximately 349.4 mm, located at an altitude of 741 meters. In Bani Walid, the annual average rainfall is 58.5 mm. Located at an altitude of 259 meters, the study concluded that rainfall amounts for the Nafas gradually decrease as the effort south of the Gharyan region increases until we reach less than 100 mm in most years. The study recommended the need to pay attention to establishing meteorological stations that cover all areas in the study region to obtain climate data. And to work on taking measures to reduce the negative effects of the water problem.
Drought analysis in northern Libya using the survey drought index
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiK-ZuVio6SAxXCUUEAHZ6jKBEQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: Drought is a recurring phenomenon that can affect several sectors of life and the environment, and it can be directly linked to water scarcity problems. Based on this, Libya can be considered one of the countries suffering from recurring drought. Therefore, contributing to understanding the conditions of drought in our country will be a step towards mitigating its effects and severity. The current study focuses on the Drought Survey Index (ROI).">Drought is a recurring phenomenon that can affect several sectors of life and the environment, and it can be directly linked to water scarcity problems. Based on this, Libya can be considered one of the countries suffering from recurring drought. Therefore, contributing to understanding the conditions of drought in our country will be a step towards mitigating its effects and severity. The current study focuses on the Drought Survey Index (ROI). At 8 weather stations in northern Libya, Zuwarah, Tripoli Airport, Nalut, Misrata, Sirte, Ajdabiya, Benina, Derna, during the period 1960-2010 AD, and by using the (DrinC) program, the possible evaporation and transpiration were calculated using the (Hargreaves) method as well as (RDI), and the drought maps were made using (10.3 ArcGis) using the (1W) method for the year (1971-1972). The map clearly shows the increasing drought from the west of the country to the east, as well as the year map (2009-2010), which is the worst year of drought during the study period. The results of 128 also showed that the year (1970-1971) is the beginning of the noticeable drought in all the study stations. Since the scale is related to rainfall and evapotranspiration (P/PET), the increase in evapotranspiration is due to the observed increase in temperature around the world, including at all study stations. From this perspective, it can be considered that the 128 method reveals the instability of the climate in the region in terms of temperature or rainfall.
“Sub-basins of the Wadi Al-Kuf basin, north of the Green Mountain”: A morphometric study
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiK-ZuVio6SAxXCUUEAHZ6jKBEQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The valleys of the Kuf basin are considered semi-arid basins on the northern slope of the Green Mountain. The basin occupies an area of ​​996 km and includes ninety (900) valleys, the most important of which are: (Wadi Beit Saleh, Wadi Sudan, Wadi Anbasa, Wadi Darqoush, Wadi Madiqa Al-Balout, Wadi Al-Jabarat, Wadi Al-Salb, Wadi Batah Al-Saq, Wadi Al-Rannana...). Their waters flow into the main valley and from there end in the Mediterranean Sea at Jirja Umma.">The valleys of the Kuf basin are considered semi-arid basins on the northern slope of the Green Mountain. The basin occupies an area of ​​996 km and includes ninety (900) valleys, the most important of which are: (Wadi Beit Saleh, Wadi Sudan, Wadi Anbasa, Wadi Darqoush, Wadi Madiqa Al-Balout, Wadi Al-Jabarat, Wadi Al-Salb, Wadi Batah Al-Saq, Wadi Al-Rannana...). Their waters flow into the main valley and from there end in the Mediterranean Sea at Jirja Umma. Given the importance of the basin and the possibility of exploiting its natural resources, this study presents the morphometric characteristics of the basin. As is known, the study of morphometric characteristics is important in geomorphological studies and expresses the relationships between factors and processes and the phenomena that result from them. It is considered one of the characteristics of quantitative geomorphology in its general sense. The morphometric analysis of geometric and morphological properties was performed, adding drainage network characteristics. In this study, the researcher followed the quantitative graphical scientific method, relying on diaspora data from topographic and geological maps and forensic maps (DEM) using a geographic information systems program. (ArcGIS) and computer programs (Excel) were used to work on and schedule the data, process the region's database, and extract topographic and geological shapes and maps. The basin is currently developing in the early maturity stage.
Libyan identity and national unity within the framework of history and geography
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwjy7Oma64uSAxWkVqQEHTMgOqYQ3ewLegQIBBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The paper includes ideas I published in a number of articles in English in the early months of 2011. These ideas are inspired by the blessed February Revolution, in which the valiant Libyan people reclaimed their authentic identity that had been treacherously stolen from them for a long period of time, and demonstrated their inherent resilience that astonished the world.">The paper includes ideas I published in a number of articles in English in the early months of 2011. These ideas are inspired by the blessed February Revolution, in which the valiant Libyan people reclaimed their authentic identity that had been treacherously stolen from them for a long period of time, and demonstrated their inherent resilience that astonished the world. I gathered and encouraged his people to return to history books to learn more about this small nation, small in number but great in its deeds. I will first speak about identity and national unity, then move on to give an overview of Libya's geography and urban system, which established national identity and solidified the unity of Libyan territory. I will conclude with a brief look at the desert. Which in turn forms a fundamental pillar of Libya's identity. My argument here is based on the idea that Libya is a nation of cities, not a nation of tribes, and that the urban system—which is necessarily a spatial, socio-economic system—has been deeply ingrained in Libyan territory from one end to the other since ancient times, and that Libya's identity and unity are derived from its history. Its geography, of course, drives this system and is driven by it. I will leave the greatest driving force, the identity of Libya and its unity, which is the language of the Holy Quran, to the specialists among the distinguished professors in this honorable gathering.
Copyright (c) 2016 jornal of the libyan geographical society
Introduction to the book "Reviving the Geography of Elections"
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwjy7Oma64uSAxWkVqQEHTMgOqYQ3ewLegQIBBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: Electoral geography, which analyzes the spatial patterns of voting processes, has a long history and once held a prominent place in the field of geography. Electoral geographers in the 20th century, from the 1960s through the 1980s, were key practitioners in applying quantitative methods.">Electoral geography, which analyzes the spatial patterns of voting processes, has a long history and once held a prominent place in the field of geography. Electoral geographers in the 20th century, from the 1960s through the 1980s, were key practitioners in applying quantitative methods. Mapping was used to analyze and represent election data at both the local and national levels. This work was largely experimental in its scope and focus; however, it did generate... There is a huge body of literature on this subject that has explained the inherent spatial nature of elections, including the process of redrawing electoral districts, the economic and demographic factors affecting them, and the election campaign strategies of parties and candidates.
The Death of Languages ​​in Africa: A Study in Geopolitics
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwjy7Oma64uSAxWkVqQEHTMgOqYQ3ewLegQIBBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: Languages ​​are one of the most prominent features of the national identity of societies, their cultural development, and their means of communication with other peoples. Some even consider language to be a source of economic, global, and regional dominance. Therefore, the death or extinction of languages ​​represents the end of those societies, morally or materially.">Languages ​​are one of the most prominent features of the national identity of societies, their cultural development, and their means of communication with other peoples. Some even consider language to be a source of economic, global, and regional dominance. Therefore, the death or extinction of languages ​​represents the end of those societies, morally or materially. This will also lead to a change in the geolinguistic map on a global and regional scale, given the data and indicators of the era of globalization. This has prompted many societies, especially in the era of globalization and its economic, social, and informational transformations, to adopt various methods to confront the phenomenon of the death of their languages ​​in a way that ensures It possesses social stability and an identity that defines its local, regional, and global orientations. Many researchers believe that language is the strongest moral bond between individuals and peoples; when individuals communicate in a single language, their thinking becomes more aligned, fostering a sense of empathy that leads to unity and the formation of a single nation. Language is the cornerstone of a people's culture, and culture itself is the foundation of that culture. It is like the soul of individuals, and many even go so far as to say that peoples are not just a group of individuals living in one area, but a cultural group. This feeling, will, and thought cannot be formed except with the presence of one language as an effective means of communication in shaping this feeling and will.
Stages of population geography development
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5_a6Xw4uSAxWROPsDHbUjL3wQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: Population geography is a relatively new branch of human geography that studies the multifaceted relationships between humans and their environment. Population is the central focus around which many sciences, both humanistic and applied, revolve. This study encompasses various aspects of population analysis in different environments.">Population geography is a relatively new branch of human geography that studies the multifaceted relationships between humans and their environment. Population is the central focus around which many sciences, both humanistic and applied, revolve. This study encompasses various aspects of population analysis in different environments. Population can be defined as that factor of human geography that represents the specialized variations in demographic characteristics available to population groups, and studies the socio-economic outcomes that differ from one another and the existing geographical conditions in a particular area unit. In addition, population geography is of great importance in studying the development of various demographic aspects at a specific time, or over a specific period of time. If we accept that Trewartha was credited with writing the first article on the subject of population geography in 1953, then the study of population geography branched out and flourished thereafter very quickly and became a fertile field for numerous studies.
Black wells in the Tajoura region – Libya
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5_a6Xw4uSAxWROPsDHbUjL3wQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The problem of wastewater disposal has become one of the most important problems facing countries worldwide, especially developing countries, and particularly those outside urban centers, due to the environmental and human health risks it poses, even indirectly, not to mention its economic costs.">The problem of wastewater disposal has become one of the most important problems facing countries worldwide, especially developing countries, and particularly those outside urban centers, due to the environmental and human health risks it poses, even indirectly, not to mention its economic costs. The citizen suffers in the absence of infrastructure, as sewage water contains many dangerous pollutants, whether organic or chemical substances such as soap, and industrial waste (in addition to many types of harmful bacteria and microbes and toxic liquids...etc.). Wastewater, whether domestic or industrial, plays a significant role in exacerbating environmental problems, which have direct negative repercussions on water and soil, and even indirectly on humans. To highlight the dangers of these negative effects, it is essential to study them, research their causes, and find ways to address them. Therefore, it is necessary to quickly take practical measures regarding this, not only by building sewage networks but also by building treatment plants for this water, in order to avoid the spread of its pollutants on the one hand, and to benefit from its water after getting rid of its impurities and pollutants on the other hand.
The Al-Kufra Production Project (Potential and Challenges)
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5_a6Xw4uSAxWROPsDHbUjL3wQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: Agriculture is an important economic and political occupation for human life, because it is the primary occupation for many of the world's inhabitants, and because it provides food for humans. The word farm has come to mean crop cultivation, dairy and meat production farms, poultry farms, and even fishing.">Agriculture is an important economic and political occupation for human life, because it is the primary occupation for many of the world's inhabitants, and because it provides food for humans. The word farm has come to mean crop cultivation, dairy and meat production farms, poultry farms, and even fishing. Agriculture is also an economic activity because it produces raw materials for industry, such as cotton, sugarcane, beets, and other crops that are used directly or indirectly in industry. Even its byproducts can be an economic driver, such as using sugarcane residue as energy for the same industry and for electricity production. There is also the plant *Rapeseed*, from which biogas oil is extracted. To manage some engines. The Kufra production project is one of the leading projects in Libya, as it enjoys great environmental potential, represented by the fertile and bountiful land, and the abundant groundwater which, if exploited in a balanced way without excessive use, can irrigate thousands of hectares over hundreds of years, which promises a good future if the difficulties facing the project are overcome.
The primary healthcare system in the Qaminis region of Libya: between theory and lived reality
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5_a6Xw4uSAxWROPsDHbUjL3wQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: Like other Third World countries, Libya aims to achieve the goals of the World Health Organization, which were internationally agreed upon at the Alma-Ata Conference in the former Soviet Union in 1978, which stipulated that basic health care should be accessible to all individuals and families in society.">Like other Third World countries, Libya aims to achieve the goals of the World Health Organization, which were internationally agreed upon at the Alma-Ata Conference in the former Soviet Union in 1978, which stipulated that basic health care should be accessible to all individuals and families in society. At costs that society and the state can afford, regardless of the color, race, religion, political belief, social status, or economic status of the citizen. Since health is one of the basic goals of social and economic development, as well as being one of the basic rights of all peoples, Libya has adopted a health policy whose ultimate goal is to provide adequate primary health services (especially in remote areas) and to try to develop them in terms of quantity and quality. It is considered a primary objective of the social and economic change that the country is currently undergoing, and a necessity for development, and to push it forward, in order to build a healthy human being free from all diseases, and to achieve the desired health goals. The development and civilization of peoples are often linked to the services that governments provide to their citizens in several fields, the most important of which are health and development.
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5_a6Xw4uSAxWROPsDHbUjL3wQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: Planning focuses on organizing and regulating individual and collective activities to minimize potential negative impacts, as well as achieving a better natural environment within the framework of implementing the objectives of the approved plan. Given the crucial relationship between planning and the human being (the planner), their participation in the planning process is essential.">Planning focuses on organizing and regulating individual and collective activities to minimize potential negative impacts, as well as achieving a better natural environment within the framework of implementing the objectives of the approved plan. Given the crucial relationship between planning and the human being (the planner), their participation in the planning process is essential. This is of paramount importance because of the positive outcomes this participation brings to planning programs that integrate the aspirations of the people with the economic and natural resources of each country. The need for regional planning arose from the disparities between different regions and areas within a single country, resulting from unbalanced development. This is due to... The uneven distribution of development projects, with industrial and service projects concentrated in major cities, has exacerbated the disparity in income and living standards between urban and rural populations. These differences have led to various problems. The high population density in cities leads to increased demand for services such as housing, transportation, utilities, and other amenities. Conversely, the lack of services and the resulting low population density in rural areas contribute to decreased agricultural production.
Spatial development and its role in the balance of urban development in Libya
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5_a6Xw4uSAxWROPsDHbUjL3wQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: One of the prominent phenomena that Libya witnessed during the second half of the twentieth century was urbanization, the growth of the urban population, and the increase in the number and size of cities, which resulted from migration from rural areas and deserts to cities on the one hand, and from small towns to major cities and urban centers on the other hand.">One of the prominent phenomena that Libya witnessed during the second half of the twentieth century was urbanization, the growth of the urban population, and the increase in the number and size of cities, which resulted from migration from rural areas and deserts to cities on the one hand, and from small towns to major cities and urban centers on the other hand. This increase in the urban population was accompanied by many problems resulting from the excessive concentration of the population in specific urban centers. In response, the responsible authorities in the country worked to follow a planning approach to reduce the population growth rates of major cities compared to other cities. To mitigate the problems associated with population concentration in the cities of Tripoli and Benghazi, through a comprehensive and spatially balanced urban development policy in line with the capabilities and resources available to each region of the country.
A study of population statistics and their relationship to development in Libya
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5_a6Xw4uSAxWROPsDHbUjL3wQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: No one disputes the paramount importance of general population census statistics and civil registry statistics for demographic, social and economic studies, and their importance increases for those in charge of development plans and projects.">No one disputes the paramount importance of general population census statistics and civil registry statistics for demographic, social and economic studies, and their importance increases for those in charge of development plans and projects. Because population statistics represent the basis upon which the state’s plans are built in all fields, as well as the administrative and political divisions of the state. The general population census tables give us comprehensive and consistent statistics that provide the researcher, scholar, planner, and administrative and political official with accurate and complete data on the national and resident population, and their demographic, social and economic conditions. It begins with their number and their classification by type, age, profession, educational, family, economic, linguistic, cultural, religious, residential, their migration movement and other data until it ends with the classification of those with disabilities among them and the identification of their disabilities, and the percentage of those with each disability in the total population.
Population and Sustainable Development Indicators in Libya
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5_a6Xw4uSAxWROPsDHbUjL3wQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The issue of sustainable development has captured the world's attention since the Earth Summit in 1992, and a consensus has been reached in conferences held by United Nations organizations on this matter, that the development process, unless guided by environmental, social, cultural and ethical considerations, will have many of its results either of little benefit or failure.">The issue of sustainable development has captured the world's attention since the Earth Summit in 1992, and a consensus has been reached in conferences held by United Nations organizations on this matter, that the development process, unless guided by environmental, social, cultural and ethical considerations, will have many of its results either of little benefit or failure. This is provided it does not have dire consequences for resources and the capabilities of ecosystems. Based on the various definitions of sustainable development, foremost among them the definition of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, which revolves around meeting the basic needs of the present generation without compromising the needs of future generations. The United Nations Environment Programme's definition states that improving the conditions of human existence while remaining within the carrying capacity of ecosystems.
National Competencies in Libya: A Historical and Geographical Overview
<pre class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5_a6Xw4uSAxWROPsDHbUjL3wQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The advancement and development of nations depends on the educated elite among their people, as they reflect positive effects on their society, due to their ability to acquire modern knowledge and technologies and their possession of a spirit of initiative and innovation, which makes them enjoy a level of awareness that helps them to make the right decisions more than the less educated groups.">The advancement and development of nations depends on the educated elite among their people, as they reflect positive effects on their society, due to their ability to acquire modern knowledge and technologies and their possession of a spirit of initiative and innovation, which makes them enjoy a level of awareness that helps them to make the right decisions more than the less educated groups. It also enables it to contribute effectively to improving production and boosting economic growth. Currently, studies concerned with developing competencies and human resources have garnered the attention of many specialists and analysts. Competence refers to the set of characteristics that an individual possesses or acquires, such as knowledge, skills, and attitudes, enabling them to perform specific tasks within a particular field. A competent person is defined as someone who possesses the knowledge and skills necessary to perform a task or job at the required level. Higher education institutions are considered to be such institutions. <div id="tw-container" class="nev7se" data-cp="1" data-nnttsvi="1" data-sletp="false" data-sm="1" data-ssbp="false" data-sugg-time="500" data-sugg-url="https://clients1.google.com/complete/search" data-uilc="ar" data-vil=",af,af-ZA,am,am-ET,ar-EG,ar-AE,ar-KW,ar-QA,ar,ar-IL,ar-JO,ar-LB,ar-PS,az,az-AZ,bg,bg-BG,bn,bn-BD,bn-IN,ca,ca-es,cs,cs-CZ,de,de-DE,de-CH,de-AT,de-LI,en,en-US,en-CA,en-AU,en-NZ,en-GB,en-IN,en-KE,en-TZ,en-NG,en-GH,en-PH,en-ZA,es,es-ES,es-AR,es-UY,es-419,es-BO,es-CL,es-CR,es-CO,es-DO,es-EC,es-GT,es-HN,es-NI,es-PA,es-PE,es-PR,es-PY,es-SV,es-VE,es-MX,es-US,eu,eu-ES,fi,fi-FI,fr,fr-FR,fr-CH,fr-BE,gl,gl-ES,gu,gu-IN,he,he-IL,iw,iw-IL,hu,hu-HU,hy,hy-AM,id,id-ID,is,is-IS,it,it-IT,it-CH,ja,ja-JP,jv,jv-ID,ka,ka-GE,km,km-KH,kn,kn-IN,ko,ko-KR,la,lo,lo-LA,lv,lv-LV,ml,ml-IN,mr,mr-IN,ms,ms-MY,nl,nl-NL,nb,nb-NO,ne,ne-NP,pl,pl-PL,pt,pt-BR,pt-PT,ro,ro-RO,ru,ru-RU,si-LK,sk,sk-SK,sr,sr-RS,su,su-ID,sv,sv-SE,sw,sw-TZ,sw-KE,ta,ta-IN,ta-SG,ta-LK,ta-MY,te,te-IN,tr,tr-TR,ur,ur-PK,ur-IN,yue,yue-HK,yue-Hant-HK,zh-HK,zh,zh-CN,zh-cmn,zh-cmn-CN,zh-Hans,zh-Hans-CN,zh-cmn-Hans,zh-cmn-Hans-CN,cmn-CN,cmn-Hans,cmn-Hans-CN,zh-TW,zh-Hant-TW,cmn-TW,cmn-Hant-TW,zh-cmn-TW,zh-cmn-Hant-TW,zu,zu-ZA,hi,hi-IN,tl,tl-PH,pa,pa-IN"> <pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5_a6Xw4uSAxWROPsDHbUjL3wQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: One of the most important means of assisting in the formation of scientific and technical competencies is teachers, researchers, administrators, engineers, doctors and others who form the basic elements of the intellectual and scientific foundation of society, on which progress and development depend.">One of the most important means of assisting in the formation of scientific and technical competencies is teachers, researchers, administrators, engineers, doctors and others who form the basic elements of the intellectual and scientific foundation of society, on which progress and development depend. <pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5_a6Xw4uSAxWROPsDHbUjL3wQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The advancement and development of nations depends on the educated elite among their people, as they reflect positive effects on their society, due to their ability to acquire modern knowledge and technologies and their possession of a spirit of initiative and innovation, which makes them enjoy a level of awareness that helps them to make the right decisions more than the less educated groups.">