jornal of the libyan geographical society
A peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Libyan Geographical Society
Converting the Mental Maps to Digital Data in –GIS in The Old City of Tripoli, Libya
Incorporating the opinions of stakeholders is a challenge for urban planners, particularly when neighborhoods and buildings are important to the history of an entire country. In the other hand, the methodologies was chosen for the study is Geographic information system to analyze the layers that have for area of study. The big challenge is how to use the mental maps information in the GIS layers. This is the case with The Old City of Tripoli, Libya. The methodology proposed here takes a participatory approach (collecting and converting the opinions of a variety of people about the Old City of Tripoli) Most people leam to navigate in their surroundings or even in unknown territory, to draw a way in their mined of most important places and roads to be the roadmap for their daily trips. Most of the time these maps are as with much effort and indecision these observation caried out the different opinions to be the one of main points for the research. The findings of this research are helping to form a viable strategy for residents, former residents, interested people, planners, and developers to understand how people's perceptions can affect the conservation efforts for historical cities. The use of geographic information system (GIS) technology provided layers of the area of study, this research is converting the opinion of people (social information to be a layer in GIS layers of the area of study) by using GIS tools to added to the GIS layer results depicting the contrast between the informants opinions and the realty of the Old City of Tripoli. Key words: The Old City of Tripoli, Islamic city, deterioration, identity, geographic information system (GIS
Copyright (c) 2021 jornal of the libyan geographical society
Logistics port as an entry point for income diversification in Libya (a case study of Misrata seaport)
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiK-ZuVio6SAxXCUUEAHZ6jKBEQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The research focuses on developing and transforming Misrata seaport into a global logistics port, which can be relied upon as an important facility for diversifying income sources in Libya, as there are now many logistics ports that are a primary source of revenue for countries, and Misrata port has many features that qualify it to be a global logistics port.">The research focuses on developing and transforming Misrata seaport into a global logistics port, which can be relied upon as an important facility for diversifying income sources in Libya, as there are now many logistics ports that are a primary source of revenue for countries, and Misrata port has many features that qualify it to be a global logistics port. The city of Misrata, where the port is located, is the third largest population center in Libya, and is considered the commercial and economic capital of the country. It contains the largest iron and steel complex, in addition to Misrata International Airport, as well as a free zone affiliated with the port. It was built on an area estimated at 539 hectares, as revealed by the studies prepared for the development of Misrata port by the SDV Foundation, the Beckett Rankine office and the AECOM consulting office. Misrata port surpasses Port Sudan, Lagos and Douala ports by 93% in terms of attracting maritime traffic and trade to Africa. The study presented by the Turkish company ECAP showed that the third proposal, which is to establish the new Misrata port in Ras Al-Rumiya on land, is the best because this method of construction is the least expensive and easiest to implement. The study recommended that this proposal be implemented in Ras Al-Rumiya after reconsidering the depth and widening the navigation channel. Taking into account what the world has achieved in building modern ships (Mother Ship) in terms of expansion in size and increase in draft so that there will be no obstacle to receiving such ships in the future.
Hussein Masoud Abu Madina-Saad Abrik Abu Rumaila
The impact of demographic characteristics on the distribution and development of health services in the city of Benghazi
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiK-ZuVio6SAxXCUUEAHZ6jKBEQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The research focused on studying the reality of health services in the city of Benghazi and the possibility of developing them, relying on geographic information systems to show the geographical distribution of service types according to population characteristics in terms of their density and distribution in the city's residential neighborhoods, through field surveying and mapping of health facilities.">The research focused on studying the reality of health services in the city of Benghazi and the possibility of developing them, relying on geographic information systems to show the geographical distribution of service types according to population characteristics in terms of their density and distribution in the city's residential neighborhoods, through field surveying and mapping of health facilities. Determining their importance in providing services, not to mention suggesting the most suitable locations for establishing new health facilities that serve the largest number of residents - The number of health service facilities in the city of Benghazi in 2013 reached about 414 health facilities. These numbers of different types of health facilities in the city of Benghazi are not suitable for the population size of the city and are very few. And tonight, when you compare it to Tripoli, the Libyan capital, comparing the current state of health facilities in Benghazi in 2013 with those in Tripoli in 2005, the difference becomes clear, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitatively speaking, in absolute numbers, the total number of health facilities of all types in Tripoli exceeded 800. This is nearly double what exists in Benghazi, and if we disregard the time gap, there is no doubt that Tripoli has had a number of additional health facilities added, making the difference between the two cities' share even greater. The field survey of health services in the city revealed a lack of fairness in distribution between residential neighborhoods, as well as poor distribution in terms of the type of health service. On the other hand, there are, for example, some neighborhoods that lack all services except for one type. Although this one is abundant, suggesting in terms of quantity that the neighborhood does not need health services, we find at the same time that it is in dire need of another type of health service, for example For example, the number of public hospitals and health centers reached 23, which is 0% of the total health services. In the city, this percentage reveals a severe shortage of this service, which is essential for all residents of the neighborhoods due to its importance in providing high-quality, free medical and inpatient care. Considering the distribution of this service among the city's neighborhoods, the largest number of hospitals and public medical centers are concentrated in the Al-Hawari neighborhood. Al-Fuwayhat and Sidi Younes neighborhoods, and thus the three neighborhoods receive more than half (52%) of the total of this service in the city, which shows the unfairness of the distribution and the deprivation of eighteen neighborhoods, representing 60% of the city’s neighborhoods, from this service that is in dire need of. This poor distribution has made 16.7% of the city’s neighborhoods control 70% of the total of this service. This study also recorded that the highest percentage of health services and the most widespread among the city's neighborhoods were in pharmacies, which recorded a percentage of 22% of the total health services in the city, and this is attributed to it being a convenient business activity. The study concluded that there is a qualitative and quantitative imbalance in the distribution of health services among the city's neighborhoods, and that there is no equitable distribution commensurate with population size and density. Keywords: Health services - Growth rate - Efficiency index - Curative and inpatient services
The demographic window and its implications for sustainable development in Libya: An analytical study in population geography.
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiK-ZuVio6SAxXCUUEAHZ6jKBEQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The research aims to study and analyze the development of the population growth rate and its relationship to the emergence of what is called the demographic window, one of the most important features of which is a decrease in the population fertility rate and a slow population growth rate. This demographic shift constitutes a real opportunity to drive development and improve economic performance, provided that it is preceded by early planning.">The research aims to study and analyze the development of the population growth rate and its relationship to the emergence of what is called the demographic window, one of the most important features of which is a decrease in the population fertility rate and a slow population growth rate. This demographic shift constitutes a real opportunity to drive development and improve economic performance, provided that it is preceded by early planning. To capitalize on the high population growth in the middle class (15-64), also known as the working-age population, which leads to an increased supply of labor and higher rates of economic production. After study and analysis, the research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that the growth rate of the working-age population exceeds the overall population growth rate. This indicates the opening of the demographic window, where the growth rate of the working-age population exceeding the overall population growth rate is one of its most important indicators. Unemployment rates have also witnessed a significant increase, from 3.61% in 1973 to 20.7% in 2006. (2012 - 19 years) It can be said that Libya has effectively entered the demographic window of opportunity, but it has not taken advantage of this opportunity to raise the indicators of sustainable development.
The effect of climate on human physiological comfort in the Bani Walid region (a study in bioclimatology)
<pre class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiK-ZuVio6SAxXCUUEAHZ6jKBEQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: Human physiological comfort is affected by many climatic conditions, which directly impact feelings of comfort or discomfort. Climatic conditions vary from place to place, and so does a person's sense of comfort. This study aims to demonstrate the relationship between temperature, humidity, and human physiological comfort.">Human physiological comfort is affected by many climatic conditions, which directly impact feelings of comfort or discomfort. Climatic conditions vary from place to place, and so does a person's sense of comfort. This study aims to demonstrate the relationship between temperature, humidity, and human physiological comfort. <div id="tw-container" class="nev7se" data-cp="1" data-nnttsvi="1" data-sletp="false" data-sm="1" data-ssbp="false" data-sugg-time="500" data-sugg-url="https://clients1.google.com/complete/search" data-uilc="ar" data-vil=",af,af-ZA,am,am-ET,ar-EG,ar-AE,ar-KW,ar-QA,ar,ar-IL,ar-JO,ar-LB,ar-PS,az,az-AZ,bg,bg-BG,bn,bn-BD,bn-IN,ca,ca-es,cs,cs-CZ,de,de-DE,de-CH,de-AT,de-LI,en,en-US,en-CA,en-AU,en-NZ,en-GB,en-IN,en-KE,en-TZ,en-NG,en-GH,en-PH,en-ZA,es,es-ES,es-AR,es-UY,es-419,es-BO,es-CL,es-CR,es-CO,es-DO,es-EC,es-GT,es-HN,es-NI,es-PA,es-PE,es-PR,es-PY,es-SV,es-VE,es-MX,es-US,eu,eu-ES,fi,fi-FI,fr,fr-FR,fr-CH,fr-BE,gl,gl-ES,gu,gu-IN,he,he-IL,iw,iw-IL,hu,hu-HU,hy,hy-AM,id,id-ID,is,is-IS,it,it-IT,it-CH,ja,ja-JP,jv,jv-ID,ka,ka-GE,km,km-KH,kn,kn-IN,ko,ko-KR,la,lo,lo-LA,lv,lv-LV,ml,ml-IN,mr,mr-IN,ms,ms-MY,nl,nl-NL,nb,nb-NO,ne,ne-NP,pl,pl-PL,pt,pt-BR,pt-PT,ro,ro-RO,ru,ru-RU,si-LK,sk,sk-SK,sr,sr-RS,su,su-ID,sv,sv-SE,sw,sw-TZ,sw-KE,ta,ta-IN,ta-SG,ta-LK,ta-MY,te,te-IN,tr,tr-TR,ur,ur-PK,ur-IN,yue,yue-HK,yue-Hant-HK,zh-HK,zh,zh-CN,zh-cmn,zh-cmn-CN,zh-Hans,zh-Hans-CN,zh-cmn-Hans,zh-cmn-Hans-CN,cmn-CN,cmn-Hans,cmn-Hans-CN,zh-TW,zh-Hant-TW,cmn-TW,cmn-Hant-TW,zh-cmn-TW,zh-cmn-Hant-TW,zu,zu-ZA,hi,hi-IN,tl,tl-PH,pa,pa-IN"> <pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiK-ZuVio6SAxXCUUEAHZ6jKBEQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: By applying a set of indicators to the climatic data of the Bani Walid region over a period of 35 years, and regardless of the results, the feeling of comfort remains a relative issue that varies according to the environment surrounding the person and a number of other factors, the most important of which are age, gender, and degree of adaptation; because despite the technological progress that man has achieved.">By applying a set of indicators to the climatic data of the Bani Walid region over a period of 35 years, and regardless of the results, the feeling of comfort remains a relative issue that varies according to the environment surrounding the person and a number of other factors, the most important of which are age, gender, and degree of adaptation; because despite the technological progress that man has achieved. While it enhances his ability to control many of the conditions of his natural environment, climate still has a significant impact on a person’s sense of comfort or discomfort and climatic unease, if not inside the dwelling then outside. <pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiK-ZuVio6SAxXCUUEAHZ6jKBEQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: Human physiological comfort is affected by many climatic conditions, which directly impact feelings of comfort or discomfort. Climatic conditions vary from place to place, and so does a person's sense of comfort. This study aims to demonstrate the relationship between temperature, humidity, and human physiological comfort.">
The altitude factor and its effect on the variation in rainfall amounts (Bani Walid - Gharyan as a model)
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiK-ZuVio6SAxXCUUEAHZ6jKBEQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The study aims to reveal the variation in rainfall amounts in the Bani Walid and Gharyan regions, as the amount of rainfall varies from place to place, and it is rare to find two places that are completely similar in their climatic conditions. If they are similar in temperature, for example, you will find that they differ in the amount of rain that falls on them or in its distribution throughout the year.">The study aims to reveal the variation in rainfall amounts in the Bani Walid and Gharyan regions, as the amount of rainfall varies from place to place, and it is rare to find two places that are completely similar in their climatic conditions. If they are similar in temperature, for example, you will find that they differ in the amount of rain that falls on them or in its distribution throughout the year. While similar in temperature and rainfall, they differ in prevailing wind direction. The research addressed the importance of altitude in increasing rainfall rates in the Gharyan region, where the annual average rainfall is approximately 349.4 mm, located at an altitude of 741 meters. In Bani Walid, the annual average rainfall is 58.5 mm. Located at an altitude of 259 meters, the study concluded that rainfall amounts for the Nafas gradually decrease as the effort south of the Gharyan region increases until we reach less than 100 mm in most years. The study recommended the need to pay attention to establishing meteorological stations that cover all areas in the study region to obtain climate data. And to work on taking measures to reduce the negative effects of the water problem.
Drought analysis in northern Libya using the survey drought index
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiK-ZuVio6SAxXCUUEAHZ6jKBEQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: Drought is a recurring phenomenon that can affect several sectors of life and the environment, and it can be directly linked to water scarcity problems. Based on this, Libya can be considered one of the countries suffering from recurring drought. Therefore, contributing to understanding the conditions of drought in our country will be a step towards mitigating its effects and severity. The current study focuses on the Drought Survey Index (ROI).">Drought is a recurring phenomenon that can affect several sectors of life and the environment, and it can be directly linked to water scarcity problems. Based on this, Libya can be considered one of the countries suffering from recurring drought. Therefore, contributing to understanding the conditions of drought in our country will be a step towards mitigating its effects and severity. The current study focuses on the Drought Survey Index (ROI). At 8 weather stations in northern Libya, Zuwarah, Tripoli Airport, Nalut, Misrata, Sirte, Ajdabiya, Benina, Derna, during the period 1960-2010 AD, and by using the (DrinC) program, the possible evaporation and transpiration were calculated using the (Hargreaves) method as well as (RDI), and the drought maps were made using (10.3 ArcGis) using the (1W) method for the year (1971-1972). The map clearly shows the increasing drought from the west of the country to the east, as well as the year map (2009-2010), which is the worst year of drought during the study period. The results of 128 also showed that the year (1970-1971) is the beginning of the noticeable drought in all the study stations. Since the scale is related to rainfall and evapotranspiration (P/PET), the increase in evapotranspiration is due to the observed increase in temperature around the world, including at all study stations. From this perspective, it can be considered that the 128 method reveals the instability of the climate in the region in terms of temperature or rainfall.
“Sub-basins of the Wadi Al-Kuf basin, north of the Green Mountain”: A morphometric study
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiK-ZuVio6SAxXCUUEAHZ6jKBEQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The valleys of the Kuf basin are considered semi-arid basins on the northern slope of the Green Mountain. The basin occupies an area of ​​996 km and includes ninety (900) valleys, the most important of which are: (Wadi Beit Saleh, Wadi Sudan, Wadi Anbasa, Wadi Darqoush, Wadi Madiqa Al-Balout, Wadi Al-Jabarat, Wadi Al-Salb, Wadi Batah Al-Saq, Wadi Al-Rannana...). Their waters flow into the main valley and from there end in the Mediterranean Sea at Jirja Umma.">The valleys of the Kuf basin are considered semi-arid basins on the northern slope of the Green Mountain. The basin occupies an area of ​​996 km and includes ninety (900) valleys, the most important of which are: (Wadi Beit Saleh, Wadi Sudan, Wadi Anbasa, Wadi Darqoush, Wadi Madiqa Al-Balout, Wadi Al-Jabarat, Wadi Al-Salb, Wadi Batah Al-Saq, Wadi Al-Rannana...). Their waters flow into the main valley and from there end in the Mediterranean Sea at Jirja Umma. Given the importance of the basin and the possibility of exploiting its natural resources, this study presents the morphometric characteristics of the basin. As is known, the study of morphometric characteristics is important in geomorphological studies and expresses the relationships between factors and processes and the phenomena that result from them. It is considered one of the characteristics of quantitative geomorphology in its general sense. The morphometric analysis of geometric and morphological properties was performed, adding drainage network characteristics. In this study, the researcher followed the quantitative graphical scientific method, relying on diaspora data from topographic and geological maps and forensic maps (DEM) using a geographic information systems program. (ArcGIS) and computer programs (Excel) were used to work on and schedule the data, process the region's database, and extract topographic and geological shapes and maps. The basin is currently developing in the early maturity stage.
Libyan identity and national unity within the framework of history and geography
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwjy7Oma64uSAxWkVqQEHTMgOqYQ3ewLegQIBBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The paper includes ideas I published in a number of articles in English in the early months of 2011. These ideas are inspired by the blessed February Revolution, in which the valiant Libyan people reclaimed their authentic identity that had been treacherously stolen from them for a long period of time, and demonstrated their inherent resilience that astonished the world.">The paper includes ideas I published in a number of articles in English in the early months of 2011. These ideas are inspired by the blessed February Revolution, in which the valiant Libyan people reclaimed their authentic identity that had been treacherously stolen from them for a long period of time, and demonstrated their inherent resilience that astonished the world. I gathered and encouraged his people to return to history books to learn more about this small nation, small in number but great in its deeds. I will first speak about identity and national unity, then move on to give an overview of Libya's geography and urban system, which established national identity and solidified the unity of Libyan territory. I will conclude with a brief look at the desert. Which in turn forms a fundamental pillar of Libya's identity. My argument here is based on the idea that Libya is a nation of cities, not a nation of tribes, and that the urban system—which is necessarily a spatial, socio-economic system—has been deeply ingrained in Libyan territory from one end to the other since ancient times, and that Libya's identity and unity are derived from its history. Its geography, of course, drives this system and is driven by it. I will leave the greatest driving force, the identity of Libya and its unity, which is the language of the Holy Quran, to the specialists among the distinguished professors in this honorable gathering.
Copyright (c) 2016 jornal of the libyan geographical society
Introduction to the book "Reviving the Geography of Elections"
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwjy7Oma64uSAxWkVqQEHTMgOqYQ3ewLegQIBBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: Electoral geography, which analyzes the spatial patterns of voting processes, has a long history and once held a prominent place in the field of geography. Electoral geographers in the 20th century, from the 1960s through the 1980s, were key practitioners in applying quantitative methods.">Electoral geography, which analyzes the spatial patterns of voting processes, has a long history and once held a prominent place in the field of geography. Electoral geographers in the 20th century, from the 1960s through the 1980s, were key practitioners in applying quantitative methods. Mapping was used to analyze and represent election data at both the local and national levels. This work was largely experimental in its scope and focus; however, it did generate... There is a huge body of literature on this subject that has explained the inherent spatial nature of elections, including the process of redrawing electoral districts, the economic and demographic factors affecting them, and the election campaign strategies of parties and candidates.
The Death of Languages ​​in Africa: A Study in Geopolitics
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwjy7Oma64uSAxWkVqQEHTMgOqYQ3ewLegQIBBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: Languages ​​are one of the most prominent features of the national identity of societies, their cultural development, and their means of communication with other peoples. Some even consider language to be a source of economic, global, and regional dominance. Therefore, the death or extinction of languages ​​represents the end of those societies, morally or materially.">Languages ​​are one of the most prominent features of the national identity of societies, their cultural development, and their means of communication with other peoples. Some even consider language to be a source of economic, global, and regional dominance. Therefore, the death or extinction of languages ​​represents the end of those societies, morally or materially. This will also lead to a change in the geolinguistic map on a global and regional scale, given the data and indicators of the era of globalization. This has prompted many societies, especially in the era of globalization and its economic, social, and informational transformations, to adopt various methods to confront the phenomenon of the death of their languages ​​in a way that ensures It possesses social stability and an identity that defines its local, regional, and global orientations. Many researchers believe that language is the strongest moral bond between individuals and peoples; when individuals communicate in a single language, their thinking becomes more aligned, fostering a sense of empathy that leads to unity and the formation of a single nation. Language is the cornerstone of a people's culture, and culture itself is the foundation of that culture. It is like the soul of individuals, and many even go so far as to say that peoples are not just a group of individuals living in one area, but a cultural group. This feeling, will, and thought cannot be formed except with the presence of one language as an effective means of communication in shaping this feeling and will.
Stages of population geography development
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5_a6Xw4uSAxWROPsDHbUjL3wQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: Population geography is a relatively new branch of human geography that studies the multifaceted relationships between humans and their environment. Population is the central focus around which many sciences, both humanistic and applied, revolve. This study encompasses various aspects of population analysis in different environments.">Population geography is a relatively new branch of human geography that studies the multifaceted relationships between humans and their environment. Population is the central focus around which many sciences, both humanistic and applied, revolve. This study encompasses various aspects of population analysis in different environments. Population can be defined as that factor of human geography that represents the specialized variations in demographic characteristics available to population groups, and studies the socio-economic outcomes that differ from one another and the existing geographical conditions in a particular area unit. In addition, population geography is of great importance in studying the development of various demographic aspects at a specific time, or over a specific period of time. If we accept that Trewartha was credited with writing the first article on the subject of population geography in 1953, then the study of population geography branched out and flourished thereafter very quickly and became a fertile field for numerous studies.
Black wells in the Tajoura region – Libya
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5_a6Xw4uSAxWROPsDHbUjL3wQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The problem of wastewater disposal has become one of the most important problems facing countries worldwide, especially developing countries, and particularly those outside urban centers, due to the environmental and human health risks it poses, even indirectly, not to mention its economic costs.">The problem of wastewater disposal has become one of the most important problems facing countries worldwide, especially developing countries, and particularly those outside urban centers, due to the environmental and human health risks it poses, even indirectly, not to mention its economic costs. The citizen suffers in the absence of infrastructure, as sewage water contains many dangerous pollutants, whether organic or chemical substances such as soap, and industrial waste (in addition to many types of harmful bacteria and microbes and toxic liquids...etc.). Wastewater, whether domestic or industrial, plays a significant role in exacerbating environmental problems, which have direct negative repercussions on water and soil, and even indirectly on humans. To highlight the dangers of these negative effects, it is essential to study them, research their causes, and find ways to address them. Therefore, it is necessary to quickly take practical measures regarding this, not only by building sewage networks but also by building treatment plants for this water, in order to avoid the spread of its pollutants on the one hand, and to benefit from its water after getting rid of its impurities and pollutants on the other hand.
The Al-Kufra Production Project (Potential and Challenges)
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5_a6Xw4uSAxWROPsDHbUjL3wQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: Agriculture is an important economic and political occupation for human life, because it is the primary occupation for many of the world's inhabitants, and because it provides food for humans. The word farm has come to mean crop cultivation, dairy and meat production farms, poultry farms, and even fishing.">Agriculture is an important economic and political occupation for human life, because it is the primary occupation for many of the world's inhabitants, and because it provides food for humans. The word farm has come to mean crop cultivation, dairy and meat production farms, poultry farms, and even fishing. Agriculture is also an economic activity because it produces raw materials for industry, such as cotton, sugarcane, beets, and other crops that are used directly or indirectly in industry. Even its byproducts can be an economic driver, such as using sugarcane residue as energy for the same industry and for electricity production. There is also the plant *Rapeseed*, from which biogas oil is extracted. To manage some engines. The Kufra production project is one of the leading projects in Libya, as it enjoys great environmental potential, represented by the fertile and bountiful land, and the abundant groundwater which, if exploited in a balanced way without excessive use, can irrigate thousands of hectares over hundreds of years, which promises a good future if the difficulties facing the project are overcome.
The primary healthcare system in the Qaminis region of Libya: between theory and lived reality
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5_a6Xw4uSAxWROPsDHbUjL3wQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: Like other Third World countries, Libya aims to achieve the goals of the World Health Organization, which were internationally agreed upon at the Alma-Ata Conference in the former Soviet Union in 1978, which stipulated that basic health care should be accessible to all individuals and families in society.">Like other Third World countries, Libya aims to achieve the goals of the World Health Organization, which were internationally agreed upon at the Alma-Ata Conference in the former Soviet Union in 1978, which stipulated that basic health care should be accessible to all individuals and families in society. At costs that society and the state can afford, regardless of the color, race, religion, political belief, social status, or economic status of the citizen. Since health is one of the basic goals of social and economic development, as well as being one of the basic rights of all peoples, Libya has adopted a health policy whose ultimate goal is to provide adequate primary health services (especially in remote areas) and to try to develop them in terms of quantity and quality. It is considered a primary objective of the social and economic change that the country is currently undergoing, and a necessity for development, and to push it forward, in order to build a healthy human being free from all diseases, and to achieve the desired health goals. The development and civilization of peoples are often linked to the services that governments provide to their citizens in several fields, the most important of which are health and development.
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5_a6Xw4uSAxWROPsDHbUjL3wQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: Planning focuses on organizing and regulating individual and collective activities to minimize potential negative impacts, as well as achieving a better natural environment within the framework of implementing the objectives of the approved plan. Given the crucial relationship between planning and the human being (the planner), their participation in the planning process is essential.">Planning focuses on organizing and regulating individual and collective activities to minimize potential negative impacts, as well as achieving a better natural environment within the framework of implementing the objectives of the approved plan. Given the crucial relationship between planning and the human being (the planner), their participation in the planning process is essential. This is of paramount importance because of the positive outcomes this participation brings to planning programs that integrate the aspirations of the people with the economic and natural resources of each country. The need for regional planning arose from the disparities between different regions and areas within a single country, resulting from unbalanced development. This is due to... The uneven distribution of development projects, with industrial and service projects concentrated in major cities, has exacerbated the disparity in income and living standards between urban and rural populations. These differences have led to various problems. The high population density in cities leads to increased demand for services such as housing, transportation, utilities, and other amenities. Conversely, the lack of services and the resulting low population density in rural areas contribute to decreased agricultural production.
Spatial development and its role in the balance of urban development in Libya
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5_a6Xw4uSAxWROPsDHbUjL3wQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: One of the prominent phenomena that Libya witnessed during the second half of the twentieth century was urbanization, the growth of the urban population, and the increase in the number and size of cities, which resulted from migration from rural areas and deserts to cities on the one hand, and from small towns to major cities and urban centers on the other hand.">One of the prominent phenomena that Libya witnessed during the second half of the twentieth century was urbanization, the growth of the urban population, and the increase in the number and size of cities, which resulted from migration from rural areas and deserts to cities on the one hand, and from small towns to major cities and urban centers on the other hand. This increase in the urban population was accompanied by many problems resulting from the excessive concentration of the population in specific urban centers. In response, the responsible authorities in the country worked to follow a planning approach to reduce the population growth rates of major cities compared to other cities. To mitigate the problems associated with population concentration in the cities of Tripoli and Benghazi, through a comprehensive and spatially balanced urban development policy in line with the capabilities and resources available to each region of the country.
A study of population statistics and their relationship to development in Libya
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5_a6Xw4uSAxWROPsDHbUjL3wQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: No one disputes the paramount importance of general population census statistics and civil registry statistics for demographic, social and economic studies, and their importance increases for those in charge of development plans and projects.">No one disputes the paramount importance of general population census statistics and civil registry statistics for demographic, social and economic studies, and their importance increases for those in charge of development plans and projects. Because population statistics represent the basis upon which the state’s plans are built in all fields, as well as the administrative and political divisions of the state. The general population census tables give us comprehensive and consistent statistics that provide the researcher, scholar, planner, and administrative and political official with accurate and complete data on the national and resident population, and their demographic, social and economic conditions. It begins with their number and their classification by type, age, profession, educational, family, economic, linguistic, cultural, religious, residential, their migration movement and other data until it ends with the classification of those with disabilities among them and the identification of their disabilities, and the percentage of those with each disability in the total population.
Population and Sustainable Development Indicators in Libya
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5_a6Xw4uSAxWROPsDHbUjL3wQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The issue of sustainable development has captured the world's attention since the Earth Summit in 1992, and a consensus has been reached in conferences held by United Nations organizations on this matter, that the development process, unless guided by environmental, social, cultural and ethical considerations, will have many of its results either of little benefit or failure.">The issue of sustainable development has captured the world's attention since the Earth Summit in 1992, and a consensus has been reached in conferences held by United Nations organizations on this matter, that the development process, unless guided by environmental, social, cultural and ethical considerations, will have many of its results either of little benefit or failure. This is provided it does not have dire consequences for resources and the capabilities of ecosystems. Based on the various definitions of sustainable development, foremost among them the definition of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, which revolves around meeting the basic needs of the present generation without compromising the needs of future generations. The United Nations Environment Programme's definition states that improving the conditions of human existence while remaining within the carrying capacity of ecosystems.
National Competencies in Libya: A Historical and Geographical Overview
<pre class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5_a6Xw4uSAxWROPsDHbUjL3wQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The advancement and development of nations depends on the educated elite among their people, as they reflect positive effects on their society, due to their ability to acquire modern knowledge and technologies and their possession of a spirit of initiative and innovation, which makes them enjoy a level of awareness that helps them to make the right decisions more than the less educated groups.">The advancement and development of nations depends on the educated elite among their people, as they reflect positive effects on their society, due to their ability to acquire modern knowledge and technologies and their possession of a spirit of initiative and innovation, which makes them enjoy a level of awareness that helps them to make the right decisions more than the less educated groups. It also enables it to contribute effectively to improving production and boosting economic growth. Currently, studies concerned with developing competencies and human resources have garnered the attention of many specialists and analysts. Competence refers to the set of characteristics that an individual possesses or acquires, such as knowledge, skills, and attitudes, enabling them to perform specific tasks within a particular field. A competent person is defined as someone who possesses the knowledge and skills necessary to perform a task or job at the required level. Higher education institutions are considered to be such institutions. <div id="tw-container" class="nev7se" data-cp="1" data-nnttsvi="1" data-sletp="false" data-sm="1" data-ssbp="false" data-sugg-time="500" data-sugg-url="https://clients1.google.com/complete/search" data-uilc="ar" data-vil=",af,af-ZA,am,am-ET,ar-EG,ar-AE,ar-KW,ar-QA,ar,ar-IL,ar-JO,ar-LB,ar-PS,az,az-AZ,bg,bg-BG,bn,bn-BD,bn-IN,ca,ca-es,cs,cs-CZ,de,de-DE,de-CH,de-AT,de-LI,en,en-US,en-CA,en-AU,en-NZ,en-GB,en-IN,en-KE,en-TZ,en-NG,en-GH,en-PH,en-ZA,es,es-ES,es-AR,es-UY,es-419,es-BO,es-CL,es-CR,es-CO,es-DO,es-EC,es-GT,es-HN,es-NI,es-PA,es-PE,es-PR,es-PY,es-SV,es-VE,es-MX,es-US,eu,eu-ES,fi,fi-FI,fr,fr-FR,fr-CH,fr-BE,gl,gl-ES,gu,gu-IN,he,he-IL,iw,iw-IL,hu,hu-HU,hy,hy-AM,id,id-ID,is,is-IS,it,it-IT,it-CH,ja,ja-JP,jv,jv-ID,ka,ka-GE,km,km-KH,kn,kn-IN,ko,ko-KR,la,lo,lo-LA,lv,lv-LV,ml,ml-IN,mr,mr-IN,ms,ms-MY,nl,nl-NL,nb,nb-NO,ne,ne-NP,pl,pl-PL,pt,pt-BR,pt-PT,ro,ro-RO,ru,ru-RU,si-LK,sk,sk-SK,sr,sr-RS,su,su-ID,sv,sv-SE,sw,sw-TZ,sw-KE,ta,ta-IN,ta-SG,ta-LK,ta-MY,te,te-IN,tr,tr-TR,ur,ur-PK,ur-IN,yue,yue-HK,yue-Hant-HK,zh-HK,zh,zh-CN,zh-cmn,zh-cmn-CN,zh-Hans,zh-Hans-CN,zh-cmn-Hans,zh-cmn-Hans-CN,cmn-CN,cmn-Hans,cmn-Hans-CN,zh-TW,zh-Hant-TW,cmn-TW,cmn-Hant-TW,zh-cmn-TW,zh-cmn-Hant-TW,zu,zu-ZA,hi,hi-IN,tl,tl-PH,pa,pa-IN"> <pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5_a6Xw4uSAxWROPsDHbUjL3wQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: One of the most important means of assisting in the formation of scientific and technical competencies is teachers, researchers, administrators, engineers, doctors and others who form the basic elements of the intellectual and scientific foundation of society, on which progress and development depend.">One of the most important means of assisting in the formation of scientific and technical competencies is teachers, researchers, administrators, engineers, doctors and others who form the basic elements of the intellectual and scientific foundation of society, on which progress and development depend. <pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5_a6Xw4uSAxWROPsDHbUjL3wQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The advancement and development of nations depends on the educated elite among their people, as they reflect positive effects on their society, due to their ability to acquire modern knowledge and technologies and their possession of a spirit of initiative and innovation, which makes them enjoy a level of awareness that helps them to make the right decisions more than the less educated groups.">
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi5_a6Xw4uSAxWROPsDHbUjL3wQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: There is considerable debate surrounding the laws of human behavior, largely due to the lack of clear experimental methods for understanding them. While animal and plant behavior can be studied both in nature and in the laboratory, and the ecology of these organisms can help us understand the nature of human relationships,">There is considerable debate surrounding the laws of human behavior, largely due to the lack of clear experimental methods for understanding them. While animal and plant behavior can be studied both in nature and in the laboratory, and the ecology of these organisms can help us understand the nature of human relationships, The basic laws that govern the exchange relationships between living organisms in general should also form the basis of human behavior. The study of ecology is extremely complex, but by examining plant life in the desert - a relatively less complex case - some generalizations about behavior can be drawn.
Exchange relationships between living organisms
Quantitative analysis of spatial variability of rainfall in the Green Mountain region of Libya
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi4ra6Av4uSAxXrVKQEHfYjC84Q3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The Green Mountain region is of great importance in Libya, as desert and semi-desert lands cover an area exceeding 90% of the country's area. The Green Mountain region is the only exception to this critical geographical environment, as it receives the highest rainfall rates and is characterized by evergreen vegetation cover, which has made it an area of ​​dense population, agricultural, and pastoral settlement.">The Green Mountain region is of great importance in Libya, as desert and semi-desert lands cover an area exceeding 90% of the country's area. The Green Mountain region is the only exception to this critical geographical environment, as it receives the highest rainfall rates and is characterized by evergreen vegetation cover, which has made it an area of ​​dense population, agricultural, and pastoral settlement. Rainfall is the most significant precipitation in the Green Mountain region. Since the region lies within the Mediterranean basin, which is influenced by low-pressure systems, cyclonic rain during the winter is the most important type of precipitation in the area. It should be noted that the rugged terrain and elevation of the region, exceeding 850 meters, impede the movement of moisture-laden air. In areas perpendicular to the windward slopes, the air rises and cools itself (aliabatic cooling) to the dew point, causing condensation and subsequent precipitation. Consequently, rainfall in the study region is orographically cyclonic in mountainous areas such as Al Marj and Shahat. However, in cases of atmospheric instability, As in some situations accompanying the passage of cold air masses and Khamsin depressions in the spring and autumn seasons, the air becomes in an unstable equilibrium, which causes rainfall, usually heavy, accompanied by lightning and thunder, especially in the higher parts of the region.
The impact of climate change on rainfall patterns in Libya
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwi4ra6Av4uSAxXrVKQEHfYjC84Q3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The geographical sphere is a system governed by many laws, and its components are linked by mutual relationships and influences. Climate is one of its components, and any change in the general components of the geographical sphere will necessarily lead to a change in one of its parts.">The geographical sphere is a system governed by many laws, and its components are linked by mutual relationships and influences. Climate is one of its components, and any change in the general components of the geographical sphere will necessarily lead to a change in one of its parts. This means that the climate can change or experience fluctuations in its constituent elements. This research paper examines climate fluctuations or changes and their effects on rainfall trends and rates in Libya. Its importance lies in understanding the phenomenon of climate change or fluctuation, its causes, trends, and resulting effects, and in understanding the direction of rainfall change in Libya in order to highlight its indicators. The problem lies in the impact of this change or fluctuation on rainfall rates in Libya, and the resulting environmental effects that harm humans. Several studies have assessed the vulnerability of this harm to the repercussions of climate change. Libya’s location makes it vulnerable to potential impacts on rainfall rates in terms of disruptions to its seasons, timing of its fall, and fluctuations in its quantities, which negatively affects water resources, agricultural production, and pasture fertility. (General Authority for the Environment)
Africa and the Challenges of the 21st Century: A Geographical Perspective
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiInefr84aSAxV1RqQEHYs2HOkQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The continent of Africa comprises approximately 50 countries within a unified continental geographical area, in addition to some surrounding island nations such as São Tomé and Príncipe. Africa is distinguished by its unique and distinctive location; it is the only continent situated in such a central position that the equator almost bisects it.">The continent of Africa comprises approximately 50 countries within a unified continental geographical area, in addition to some surrounding island nations such as São Tomé and Príncipe. Africa is distinguished by its unique and distinctive location; it is the only continent situated in such a central position that the equator almost bisects it. Two sections, while the flat northern section extends to form the base of the continental triangle with its Mediterranean coastline, the southern section extends southward to end the continent at the apex of the triangle. The continent of Africa is also characterized by its central location among the continents of the world, and its access to important seas and oceans. Its control over strategic shipping routes and seaports enabled it to play a civilizational and economic role in global geopolitics. While Africa seeks to unify its political efforts and invest its economic resources to form a unified geographical space represented by the African Union in order to be able to enter the era of globalization and compete with the political and economic blocs in the world in the twenty-first century, It faces difficult demographic and environmental problems, numerous economic, social, and health challenges, and multiple ethnic and political conflicts that have exacerbated these problems and hindered its countries from catching up with developed nations. The following pages discuss the most important of these problems and challenges facing the African continent...
Copyright (c) 2009 jornal of the libyan geographical society
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiInefr84aSAxV1RqQEHYs2HOkQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: The climate was linked to those long-standing negative phenomena that the African continent, especially equatorial Africa, was a continent plagued by endemic diseases. The unhealthy climate was the reason why West Africa was known as the graveyard of the white man, and many parts of the African continent are still referred to as the continent of endemic diseases.">The climate was linked to those long-standing negative phenomena that the African continent, especially equatorial Africa, was a continent plagued by endemic diseases. The unhealthy climate was the reason why West Africa was known as the graveyard of the white man, and many parts of the African continent are still referred to as the continent of endemic diseases. Compared to some other places on the continent, such as the Kenyan highlands, which were settled by Europeans in search of mineral wealth, this is due to the direct impact of climate on the normal, healthy functioning of the population. The impact of climate on productive human activity varies in different parts of the world, but not to the degree or extent that the white man has caused in tropical Africa. The dangers and climatic difficulties of life in some parts of it are not directly due to the climate, but to the many diseases prevalent in the continent. The diseases that afflict both humans and animals are numerous, severe, and often fatal. Although some of their causes are now understood, overcoming them requires dedicated care and resources.
Health and functional performance of the population
Urban hegemony and spatial policies in African development plans
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiInefr84aSAxV1RqQEHYs2HOkQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: There is widespread dissatisfaction among African planners about the spatial distribution of the population and the degree of urban dominance in particular. This study documents the growing importance of national urban development strategies in African development plans and examines other factors involved in the adoption of these spatial development policies.">There is widespread dissatisfaction among African planners about the spatial distribution of the population and the degree of urban dominance in particular. This study documents the growing importance of national urban development strategies in African development plans and examines other factors involved in the adoption of these spatial development policies. This study found a weak relationship between urban hegemony and the adoption of spatial policy. Other factors, such as government stability and the level of national independence, show a stronger relationship with the adoption of rural service center policies, shopping towns, and urban systems policies in general.
Professor Peter Downe, translated by Hosni Ben Zabia
Africa's economic role in American plans
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiInefr84aSAxV1RqQEHYs2HOkQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: It has become clear to everyone that the criminal acts committed by colonialism are the same in every time and place. Even more evident is that colonialism, whether military, economic, or cultural, regardless of its nationality, seeks to plunder the wealth of nations, destroy infrastructure, and corrupt the minds of humanity. This is the nature of colonialism, wherever it may be found.">It has become clear to everyone that the criminal acts committed by colonialism are the same in every time and place. Even more evident is that colonialism, whether military, economic, or cultural, regardless of its nationality, seeks to plunder the wealth of nations, destroy infrastructure, and corrupt the minds of humanity. This is the nature of colonialism, wherever it may be found. He enters the country carrying slogans that sometimes resonated with ordinary people at the time.
Famine as a phenomenon of food shortages and its connection to ways of providing food in the African continent
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiInefr84aSAxV1RqQEHYs2HOkQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: Dr. Jacques Diouf, Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, delivered a speech before the 20th Regional Conference for Africa, held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 16-20 February 1998, in which he said:">Dr. Jacques Diouf, Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, delivered a speech before the 20th Regional Conference for Africa, held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 16-20 February 1998, in which he said: “Food security cannot prevail in Africa unless water resources are utilized and maintained regularly. From this standpoint, you cannot eliminate famine except by securing food, and you cannot secure food except by exploiting water resources, especially river water, in the field of irrigated agriculture.” Water resources in the continent and elsewhere, but only a little of them have been exploited, and most of the river water flows towards the seas and oceans without being utilized. The question that arises is: When will these waters be used to eliminate famine and solve the food problem in the continent? To answer this question, famine must be considered as a fundamental problem in the continent, and the weakness or backwardness of the ability to produce food as an additional problem.
Ali Ayad bin Hamed - Alfat Abdel Salam Al-Maqtouf
<div id="tw-container" class="nev7se" data-cp="1" data-nnttsvi="1" data-sletp="false" data-sm="1" data-ssbp="false" data-sugg-time="500" data-sugg-url="https://clients1.google.com/complete/search" data-uilc="ar" data-vil=",af,af-ZA,am,am-ET,ar-EG,ar-AE,ar-KW,ar-QA,ar,ar-IL,ar-JO,ar-LB,ar-PS,az,az-AZ,bg,bg-BG,bn,bn-BD,bn-IN,ca,ca-es,cs,cs-CZ,de,de-DE,de-CH,de-AT,de-LI,en,en-US,en-CA,en-AU,en-NZ,en-GB,en-IN,en-KE,en-TZ,en-NG,en-GH,en-PH,en-ZA,es,es-ES,es-AR,es-UY,es-419,es-BO,es-CL,es-CR,es-CO,es-DO,es-EC,es-GT,es-HN,es-NI,es-PA,es-PE,es-PR,es-PY,es-SV,es-VE,es-MX,es-US,eu,eu-ES,fi,fi-FI,fr,fr-FR,fr-CH,fr-BE,gl,gl-ES,gu,gu-IN,he,he-IL,iw,iw-IL,hu,hu-HU,hy,hy-AM,id,id-ID,is,is-IS,it,it-IT,it-CH,ja,ja-JP,jv,jv-ID,ka,ka-GE,km,km-KH,kn,kn-IN,ko,ko-KR,la,lo,lo-LA,lv,lv-LV,ml,ml-IN,mr,mr-IN,ms,ms-MY,nl,nl-NL,nb,nb-NO,ne,ne-NP,pl,pl-PL,pt,pt-BR,pt-PT,ro,ro-RO,ru,ru-RU,si-LK,sk,sk-SK,sr,sr-RS,su,su-ID,sv,sv-SE,sw,sw-TZ,sw-KE,ta,ta-IN,ta-SG,ta-LK,ta-MY,te,te-IN,tr,tr-TR,ur,ur-PK,ur-IN,yue,yue-HK,yue-Hant-HK,zh-HK,zh,zh-CN,zh-cmn,zh-cmn-CN,zh-Hans,zh-Hans-CN,zh-cmn-Hans,zh-cmn-Hans-CN,cmn-CN,cmn-Hans,cmn-Hans-CN,zh-TW,zh-Hant-TW,cmn-TW,cmn-Hant-TW,zh-cmn-TW,zh-cmn-Hant-TW,zu,zu-ZA,hi,hi-IN,tl,tl-PH,pa,pa-IN"> <pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiInefr84aSAxV1RqQEHYs2HOkQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: During the first half of the twentieth century, the number of independent countries in Africa did not exceed the fingers of one hand. By the end of the sixties, most of the countries of the continent had gained their political independence. By the beginning of the third millennium, the number of independent African countries had reached 53.">During the first half of the twentieth century, the number of independent countries in Africa did not exceed the fingers of one hand. By the end of the sixties, most of the countries of the continent had gained their political independence. By the beginning of the third millennium, the number of independent African countries had reached 53. With the decline of the colonial period and the rise of the sons of the continent to power, the African peoples looked forward to a new stage of security and stability, higher rates of economic growth, improved living standards, reduced levels of poverty and deprivation, and improved levels of education and health services. Half a century is enough time to judge the level of achievement. Is the level of achievement at the level of ambitions? What is the level of human development in Africa? What are the factors affecting those levels? A number of questions arise, and this paper attempts to answer some of them to the extent that data about the African continent is available, which lacks accuracy and credibility. Accordingly, this research paper has been divided into three main axes. The first axis is dedicated as a general introduction to human development and presents the most important measures used to measure it. The second axis is dedicated to analyzing the level and trends of human development, and it focuses on the basic dimensions of human development, which are a long and healthy life, renewed knowledge, and a decent standard of living. The third axis discusses the relationship of some factors to the levels of human development in the continent, including population growth, natural environment problems, conflicts and civil wars, political stability, and the level of economic performance. The paper concludes by drawing a number of conclusions about the level of human development in the continent, its trends, and the most prominent factors affecting it.
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" tabindex="-1" role="text" data-placeholder="الترجمة" data-ved="2ahUKEwiInefr84aSAxV1RqQEHYs2HOkQ3ewLegQIDBAT" aria-label="النص المترجم: Africa is called the Black Continent because it is the original homeland of the Black race, but not all of Africa's inhabitants are Black, as its northern half is home to a large part of the Mediterranean element belonging to the White Caucasian race, which is what prompted some European geographers">Africa is called the Black Continent because it is the original homeland of the Black race, but not all of Africa's inhabitants are Black, as its northern half is home to a large part of the Mediterranean element belonging to the White Caucasian race, which is what prompted some European geographers To say that there are two Africas: Black Africa in the region south of the Sahara, and White Africa in the region north of it. Thanks to its geographical location, the northern half of Africa played an important role in the civilizations of the ancient world, and made a clear contribution to the events of history since ancient times. The peoples of North Africa had relations with the peoples of the ancient world in times of peace and war alike. While the southern part of the continent remained for a long time living in near isolation, hidden by the rest of the ancient world from the rest of the peoples of the ancient world, the ancient civilizations of Black Africa were not affected by the rest of the ancient world civilizations, nor did they influence them as clearly and effectively as was the case for the north of the continent.